[{"id": 102166, "created": "2016-07-12T15:42:36.033607", "project_id": 212, "task_id": 40495, "user_id": 427, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2016-07-12T15:42:36.033631", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "", "translation": "[...] whereas the sperm nucleus, in the meantime, has reached due to steady grow the size of the ovule nucleus. At the same time, the chromatin network is formed in the ovule nucleus as well as in the sperm nucleus. \r\nSketch 13 shows us how the up to now passive ovule nucleus becomes active. It moves a little to the central area and places itself right vis-\u00e0-vis the sperm nucleus which is now the same size and free. Both nuclei now develop, from their chromatin network, male and female chromosomes respectively. Right and left of the central line, rather at the margins, both of the centrosomes with their coronae are located. What happens now is exactly that which we have talked about in the sketches 4 - 8. The sketches 13, 14 and 15 show again the alignment of all chromosomes at the central line, their division in the vertical axis in two halves and the pulling of one half of the chromosomes respectively by means of the ray threads to one cell half respectively. Afterwards, the cell division is completed and the creation of two daughter cells with an equal number of chromosomes, nucleus et cetera as the mother cell is completed.\r\n\r\nNow, in our paper we will get to the point why we had to take this very elaborate path of parthenogenesis, i. e. the history of development from unicellular beings to humans, at least in extracts, as far as it is necessary for understanding. We want to remember that every species of plant or animal owns a number of chromosomes specific only for it. Since humans stand also in this line of development, namely at its end, they, too, have to have a number of chromosomes specific only for them. As matters stand, man and woman doffer in the number of nuclear loops or chromosomes. A man has 47, a woman has 48 chromosomes. Among the male chromosomes is one which is connected to heredity and is called x chromosome (cf. sketch 16).\r\nA woman, with her 48 chromosomes, has two x chromosomes. Every ripe ovule and every ripe sperm cell contain exactly half of the nuclear loops (chromosomes). From this it follows that every mature ovule always contains 24 chromosomes, among them always the x chromosome. 50 % of the male sperm cells, on the other hand, contain only 23 chromosomes without x chromosomes; the other 50 % of the male sperm cells contain 24 chromosomes, among them the x chromosome.\r\n\r\n[Translation of captions underneath sketches:]\r\n11\r\nThe male nucleus approaches the ovule nucleus. Two centrosomes are formed.\r\n\r\n12\r\nThe male sperm nucleus grows to the same size as a ovule nucleus.\r\n\r\n13\r\nThe chromatin of both nuclei forms male and female chromosomes.\r\n\r\n14\r\nDissolving of the nucleus hides; separation of the chromosomes.\r\n\r\n15\r\nAlignment of the now equally divided male and female chromosomes in anticipation of the cell division."}}, {"id": 114942, "created": "2017-01-08T23:03:13.541418", "project_id": 212, "task_id": 40495, "user_id": 138, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2017-01-08T23:03:13.541443", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "Kernschleife is a legacy term for chromosome in German. I am not sufficiently versed in English genetics vocabulary to know an equivalent, but it does not really affect understanding.\r\n\r\nObviously this text precedes the discovery of the y-chromosome :-)", "translation": "Fig. 11\r\n[Drawing]\r\nThe male nucleus approaches the female pronucleus, two centrosomes form.\r\n\r\nwhile in the meantime the sperm nucleus has reached the size of the female pronucleus through continuous growth. At the same time, the chromatin netowrk forms in the female pronucleus as well as in the sperm nucleus.\r\n\r\nFigure 13 shows us, how the to this point passive egg nucleus becomes  active. It moves a bit towards the centre and positions itself exactly opposite to the liberated, meanwhile equally big sperm nucleus, Both nuclei develop each male and female chromosomes from their chromatin network.\r\n\r\nFig. 12 \r\n[drawing]\r\nThe male sperm nucleus grows to  the size of the female pronucleus.\r\n\r\nRight and left of the centre line, quite towards the border are located the two centrosomes with their aureoles. What follows now corresponds exactly the process we have discussed in Fig. 4-8. The figures 13, 14, and 15 show the position of the chromosomes in the centre line, their longitudinal separation in two halves and the pulling of each half of the chromosome by the aurelo fibres into one half-cell each, Afterwards the cells completely separate and form two daughter cells with equal number of chromosomes, nucleus etc. as the mother cell.\r\n\r\nFig. 13\r\n[drawing]\r\nThe chromatin of both nuclei  forms male and femal chromosomes.\r\n\r\nWe now get to the point in our essay, for which we had to follow the extensive path of the parthogenesis, i. e. the history of the development from single cell organisms to the human being, at least in the parts required for understanding it. We want to recall, that each plant- and animal species has a number of chromosomes specific only to it.\r\n\r\nFig. 14\r\n[drawing]\r\nDissolution of the nucleus membrane, separation of the chromosomes\r\n\r\nWhile the human being stands at the end of the evolutionary sequence, it also has to have a number of chromosomes only specific for it.  The fact of the matter is, that man and woman are distinguished from each other in the number of \"Kernschleifen\" or chromosomes. A man has 47 and a woman 48 chromosomes. Among the male chromosomes is one, which is connected with the inheritance of gender and called x-chromosome (compare Fig. 16)\r\n\r\nFig. 15\r\n[drawing]\r\nOrientation of the male and femal chromosomes now separated into equal numbers in expectation of the cell division\r\n\r\nThe woman with her 48 chromosomes has two x-chromosomes. Every fertile egg cell and every fertile sperm cell contains the exact half-number of \"Kernschleifen\" (chromosomes). Therfore follows that every fertile egg cell always exhibits 24 chromosomes , among which is always the x-chromosome. 50% of male sperm cells on the other hand contain only 23 chromosomes  without x-chromosome; the other 50% of male sperm cells contain 24 chromosomes, including the x-chromosome."}}]