[{"id": 114461, "created": "2016-12-12T17:46:49.521564", "project_id": 212, "task_id": 40496, "user_id": 427, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2016-12-12T17:46:49.521590", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "", "translation": "1. Sequel and conclusion\r\nBoy or Girl? \r\nA chat about reproduction, differences in the sexes and inheritance\r\nby Dr. Karl-Hermann Lorenz\r\n\r\nWith only slight changes, this type of cell division is the same in almost all flora. Since it is of special importance, we want to keep in mind the mathematical divison of the chromosomes into two absolutely identical halves and take this fact to discuss the next topic, to zygosis, i.e. the merging of two different cells which results in the formation of a new cell. In a broader sense and applied to humans, zygosis is the fertilisation of the mature ovule (female) by the sperm (male). The ovule or ovum plays the passive part in zygosis, the sperm or spermatozoon plays the active part. The sperm, guided by its own movability and due to chemotactic processes, swims towards the ovule. The sperm's own strength is enough to break through the ovule's cell wall and break into it. Immediately after the entry of the sperm, the ovule creates a protective cover, the so-called vitelline membrane, which prevents the entry of further sperms.\r\n\r\nLet us now look at sketch No. 9. The whole ovule is marked by \"A\". Since, as it is visible on the sketch, the sperm has already entered, the massive vitelline membrane a) is already created. The ovule's protoplasm resp. the yolk is marked with b). Within the yolk resides the cell nucleus, whose chromatine c) is marked shaded. The entered sperm is marked with d). The chromatine of the sperm is located in its head and dotted in black in the sketch. A second sperm (e, f, g) has already hit the thickened and coagulated vitelline membrane a) and cannot enter the ovule. From sketch 10 we take that the spermatozoon's tail is lost soon after the entering. From the small amount of protoplasm, located primarily within the tail, the centrosome is set free, which attaches itself to the head of the spermatozoon and immediately surrounds itself with a corona. The ovule itself does not possess a centrosome. If we compare sketches 10, 3 and 4, we will notice the similarities regarding the processes. As far as sketch 11 is concerned, we notice that the kernel starts to grow, namely at the costs of the ovule's protoplasmn, and begins to move towards the ovule's resting nucleus. Sketch 12 demonstrates the division of the centrosome into two equal halves; their moving away into the peripheries of the ovule; the final encounter of the sperm's kernel and the ovule's nucleus,\r\n\r\nSketch 9:\r\nOvule (A) with its vitelline membrane (a)\r\nProtoplasm or yolk (b)\r\nNucleus (c) with chromatine\r\nA sperm (d) has entered\r\nAnother one (e, f, g) already hits the coagulated vitelline membrane.\r\n\r\nSketch 10\r\nThe sperms kernel approaches the centrosome."}}, {"id": 114956, "created": "2017-01-09T22:19:53.601820", "project_id": 212, "task_id": 40496, "user_id": 138, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2017-01-09T22:19:53.601844", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "I am not a biologist, so I might have gotten some terms wrong, but I hope the story is understandable.", "translation": "1st Sequel and Finale.\r\nBoy or Girl?\r\n\r\nA chat about procreation, gender difference and inheritance\r\n\r\nby Dr. Karl-Hermann Lorenz\r\n\r\nWith only small variances, this type of cell division is the same in the entire world of plants. As being of particular importance, we want to remember the mathematical division of the chromosomes into two absolutely equal halves and take this fact along to the next point, whihwe want to treat now, the conjugation, i. e .the fusion of two different cells, resulting in the formation of a new cell. Framed more precisely and applied to humans, the conjugation is the fertilization of a mature egg cell  (female) by the sperm (male).  The egg cell or ovarium plays the passive role in the conjugation, the seminal filament or spermatozoon the active one. The sperm swims towards the egg cell, guided by its own mobility and based on chemotactic processes. The own force of the sperm is enough to penetrate the cell membrane and intrude into the cell. Immediately after the intrusion of the sperm, the egg cell form a protective layer, so so-called vitelline membrane, which prevents the intrusion of further sperms.\r\n\r\n9\r\n[drawing]\r\nEgg (a) with its egg membrane (a), protoplasm or vitellus (b), nucleus (c) with chromatin.\r\nA sperm (d) has intruded, another (e, f, g) already encounters the already coagulated vitelline membrane.\r\n\r\nLet's have a look at Fig. 9. The extire egg cell is designated with A. As already, as visible on the drawing, a sperm has intruded, a massive egg- or vitelline membrane (a) has formed. The egg cell's protoplams or vitellus has been designated with (b). Embedded in the vitellus rests the cell nucleus , whose chromatin (c) is shown shaded. The sperm's chromatin is located in its head and is shown in the drawing dotted black, A second sperm (e, f, g) has already encountered the thickened and coagulated vitelline membrane a) and can no longer intrude into the egg cell. From Fig. 10 we can see that the spermatozoon has lost its tail soon after the intrusion. From the small  protoplasm stock, which had been located primarily in the seminal filament, the centrosome is released, which moves to the head of the spermatozoon and and surrounds itself immediately with an aureole. The egg cell itself does not have a centrosome.\r\n\r\n10\r\n[drawing]\r\nThe kernel approaches the centrosome.\r\n\r\nIf we compare Fi. 10 with Figs. 3 and 4 , we can note the similarity of the processes. In Fig. 11 we notice how the kernel starts growing and approaches the static nucleus of the egg cell. Fig. 12 shows us the division of the centrosomes  into two equal halves; their migration apart towards the periphery of the egg cell; the final encounter of kernel and egg nucleus,"}}]