[{"id": 49923, "created": "2015-04-07T09:12:50.371764", "project_id": 128, "task_id": 29254, "user_id": 877, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2015-04-07T09:12:50.371790", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "", "translation": "Turning of the Leaves in the Deciduous Forest\r\n\r\n[;] One of the nicest things in autumn is the coloration of the leaves in our deciduous forests.  As the evening sun reddens the clouds or gilds their edges, our forests adorn themselves before they prepare for their winter rest.  Most vivid is the colour display where deciduous trees and conifers grow together.  Next to the blue-green foliage of  Scots pines and dark fir needles  the brown foliage of beeches and oaks appear as a glowing red and the yellow leaves of birches, maples and hornbeams lie like sun   beams over the autumn forests.  Out of the multi-coloured foliage the  trunks of firs gold-brown to violet, rise up while the silvery bark of birches shimmer.  At the edge of the forest shine the leaves of wild cherries in a scarlet red, and the ground as well is overgrown with the red leaves of  brambles and branches of undergrowth; distinct from the colourful leaves show red or black berries.  Not all deciduous trees colour at the same time and thus we find in the colourful wood all colour nuances from fresh green to a vivid red, gold or brown. That makes the wonderful colour palette only richer and when the sun highlights these various colour nuances we see a picture that hardly any painter could recreate in this beauty.  In the evening the autumn forest looks its loveliest, when the dark blue shadows wander over the fields, briefly stopping before the glorious forest,  until finally dusk spreads its peace over all nature.\r\n\r\n[;] The colour change of deciduous trees happens because the green colour agents of  leaves are destroyed with the beginning of the cooler season and the cell sap, as in flower petals, is couloured red or yellow.   This distruction of the green in leaves does not happen simultaneously in all cell layers.   Therefore can the top layers of a leaf  be already full of red cell sap, while the lower cells still retain their original green colouration.  Thus red and green lay above each other and the resulting mixture is brown.  When later the green disappears in such a leaf, the red colour becomes dominant.\r\n\r\n[;] The colour change brings an exit of all somehow valuable substances from the leaf.  These  are collected in the leaf veins and channelled through it's stalk to the twigs, branches, trunk and roots, where they are stored.  These are the so-called reserve substances from which trees and shrubs build up their first leaves or blossoms in the next spring.\r\n\r\n[;] After the nutritients' exit the leaves only consist of empty cells.  Now the channels that lead from the leaves' stalks to the twigs are interrupted, blocked with a rubber-like mass and covered with a cork skin.  This skin pushes itself between twig and leaf stalk, so that the latter is only very loosely connected with  the twig.  A gust of wind or a fat rain drop are enough to detach the leaf completely.\r\n\r\n[;] With the onset of winter the ground and the water it contains cool down \r\n                                                                      4\r\n\r\nconsiderably.  The roots, however, cannot at all, or only in tiny quatities absorb cold water.  If trees were to keep their leaves in winter these would evaporate more water than the roots can replace.  Consequently the trees would die.\r\n\r\n[;] The autumnal leaves' fall is necessary for our plants for another reason.  During wet winters so much snow would land on the leaves that the trees would collapse under this burden.  When here and there snowfall occurs occasionally before all leaves have fallen, fruit tree branches as thick as an arm are broken off like straws, mighty beech crowns and ahorns are torn, or even whole trees tumble under the load.\r\n\r\n[;] The shedding of leaves does not mean a dying off for the trees but their adjustment  to the cold - and for them - dry winter time.", "transcription": "na"}}, {"id": 52487, "created": "2015-04-28T16:00:38.920650", "project_id": 128, "task_id": 29254, "user_id": 138, "user_ip": null, "finish_time": "2015-04-28T16:00:38.920676", "timeout": null, "calibration": null, "external_uid": null, "media_url": null, "info": {"other": "I have taken the liberty to interpret \"armadick\" as a typo and translate as arm-thick.", "translation": "Autumnal colouration\r\nof the deciduous forest\r\n\r\nAmong the most beautiful phenomena of autumn is the colouring of the forests. As the evening sun reddens the clouds before dusk or gilds their brims, our deciduous forests decorate themselves before they prepare for their winter rest. The spectacle of colours is the liveliest, where  conifer woods and deciduous woods intermingle. Next to the blue-green crowns of the pines and the dark needle dress of the firs appears the brown foliage of the beeches and oaks as a glowing red, and even on misty days  the bright-yellow leaves of the  hornbeams, birches, and maple trees lie over the autumnal forest like sunlights. From the multicoloured foliage rise golden-brown to purple the trunks of the pines, shimmers silver the bark of the birches.  At the border of the forest shine the leaves of the wild cherry trees in a scarlet red, the floor is woven over by the blood-red leaves and shoots of the brambles ; and against the shrubs of the underwood, shining red- and black berries stand against the colourful leaves.\r\n\r\nNot all deciduous trees put on their autumn costume at the same time, and\r\nso we find in the forest all shades  from a fresh green to an expressive red, brown, or gold.This enriches the marvelous play of colours even more, and when the sun fills the different hues with life and lustre, an image emerges, that hardly a master of colours can capture in its full beauty. The autumnal forest offers the most beautiful view  during the evening, when dark blue shadows move over the fields and seem to hesitate once more before the glory of the woods, until the dusk covers nature with its peace.\r\n\r\nThe colouration of the deciduous trees is rooted on the destruction of the green dye in the leaves with the arrival of the cooler season and the cell fluid changing its colour like in the leaves of flowers  to red or yellow. This decomposition of the leaves' green does not happen in all cell layers of a leaf at the same time. This is how the uppermost cells of a leaf can be already filled with red cell fluid, while the lower cells still have their original green colour. Therefore the red overlays the green, and the resulting composite colour is brown. When the green disappears from such a leaf later on, the red colour dominates.\r\n\r\nWith the colouration  coincides a migration of all somehow valuable substances from the leaves.  These substances are collected in the veins and conducted through the stems of the leaves into the twigs, branches,trunks and roots and stored there. This is the so-called reserve substance, from which the trees or bushes form the first leaves or flowers the next spring.\r\n\r\nAfter the migration of the reserve substance, the leaves only consist of empty cell chambers. Now the tubes that lead from the stems to the twigs are interrupted, blocked with a rubber-like substance and covered with a membrane of cork. This membrane squeezes in between the twig and the leaf stem, so that the latter is only loosely connected to the twig. A breeze or some heavy raindrops are enough to separate the leaf entirely.\r\n\r\nWith the arrival of winter, the gound and the water contained therein cool down significantly. But roots can absorb cold water only in small quantities or not at all. Would the deciduous trees keep their leaves in autumn, they would evaporate more water, than could be replenished through the roots. The consequence would be the demise of the trees.\r\n\r\nThe autumnal shedding of the leaves is also necessary for our plants for another reason. In winters that are rich in precipitation, so much snow would accumulate on the leaves , that the trees would have to collapse under the load of the piled-up snow. When snow falls occasionally before the fall of the leaves is complete, arm-thick branches in orchards are broken like straws, mighty crowns of beeches and maple trees ripped apart, or whole trees fall over under the load of the snow.\r\n\r\nThe shedding of the foliage does not mean death, but an adaptation of the trees to a cold and, for them, dry winter season.", "transcription": "Herbstfaerbung[;]\r\ndes Laubwaldes[;]\r\n[;]\r\nZu den schoensten Erscheinungen des Herbstes gehoert die Buntfaerbung[;]\r\nDer Waelder. Wie die Abendsonne vor ihrem Untergange die Wolken roetet und ihren[;]\r\nSaum vergoldet, so schmuecken sich unsere Laubwaelder, bevor sie sich fuer die[;]\r\nWinterruhe vorbereiten. Am lobhaftesten ist die farbenpracht da, wo Nadelhoel-[;]\r\nzer und Laubhoelzer gemischt sind. Neben den blau-gruenen Kronen der Foehren[;]\r\nund dem dunkeln Nadelkleid der Tannen erscheint das braune Laubwerk der Buchen[;]\r\nund Eichen als gluehendes Rot, und die hellgelben Blaetter der Hainbuchen, Bir-[;]\r\nken und Ahorne liegen auch an nebligen Tagen wie Sonnenlichter ueber dem herbst-[;]\r\nlichen Wald. Aus dem vielfarbigen Blaetterwerk steigen goldbraun bis violett die[;]\r\nStaemme der Foehren, schimmern silbern die Borken der Birken. Am Waldrande leuch-[;]\r\nten die Blaetter der wilden Kirschbaeume scharlachrot, den Bodenueberspinnen die[;]\r\nblutroten Blaetter und Sprosse der Brombeerstraeucher, und an den Stauden des[;]\r\nUnterholzes heben sich vom bunten Laub rot- oder schwarzglaenzende Beeren ab.[;]\r\nNicht alle Laubbaeume ziehen zu gleicher Zeit ihr herbstliches Kleid an, und[;]\r\nso finden wir im farbigen Wald auch alle Zwischenstufen vom frischen Gruen bis[;]\r\nzum ausgesprochenen Rot, Braun oder Gold. Dadurch wird das herrliche Farbenspiel[;]\r\nnur um so reicher, und wenn die Sonne den verschiedenen Farbtoenen Leben und[;]\r\nGlanz verleiht, entsteht ein Bild, wie es kaum ein Meister der Farbe in seiner[;]\r\nganzen Schoenheit festzuhalten vermag. Den schoensten Anblick bietet der herbst-[;]\r\nliche Wald am Abend, wenn die dunkelblauen Schatten ueber die Felder wandern und[;]\r\nvor der Pracht der Waelder nich einmal anzuhalten scheinen, bis die Daemmerung[;]\r\nihren Frieden ueber die Natur breitet.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nDie Buntfaerbung der Laubbaeume ist darauf zurueckzufuehren, dass mit[;]\r\ndem Eintritt der kuehleren Jahreszeit der gruene Farbstoff der Blaetter zerstoert[;]\r\nwird und der Zellsaft sich, wie z. B. in Blumenblaettern, rot oder gelb faerbt.[;]\r\nDiese Zerstoerung des Blattgruens erfolgt nicht in allen Zellschichten eines Blat-[;]\r\ntes gleichzeitig. So kommt es, dass z. B. die obersten Zellen eines Blattes bereits[;]\r\nmit rotem Zellsaft erfuellt sein koennen, waehrend die untern Zellen noch ihre[;]\r\nurspruengliche gruene Faerbung besitzen. Es liegen somit Rot und Gruen ueberein-[;]\r\nander und die entstehende Mischfarbe ist Braun. Verschwindet spaeter in einem[;]\r\nsolchen Blatte das Gruen, so herrscht die rote Farbe vor.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nMit der Buntfaerbung findet in den Blaettern ein Auswandern aller ir-[;]\r\ngendwie wertvollen Stoffe statt. Diese Stoffe werden von den Blattrippen gesammelt[;]\r\nund durch die Blattstiele in die Zweige, Aeste, Staemme und Wurzeln geleitet und[;]\r\nhier aufgespeichert. Das sind die sogenannten Reservestoffe, aus denen die Baeume[;]\r\noder Straeucher im naechsten Fruehjahr die ersten Blaetter oder Blueten aufbauen.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nNach der Abwanderung der Reservestoffe bestehen die Blaetter nur noch[;]\r\naus leeren Zellkammern. Nun werden die Leitungsroehren, die von den Blattstielen[;]\r\nnach den Zweigen fuehren, unterbrochen, mit einer gummiartigen Masse verstopft und[;]\r\nmit einem Korkhaeutchen ueberzogen. Dieses Haeutchen schiebt sich zwischen den[;]\r\nZweig und den Blattstiel, so dass der letztere nur noch ganz lose mit dem Zweige[;]\r\nverbunden ist. Ein Windstoss oder einige schwere Regentropfen genuegen, um das[;]\r\nBlatt gaenzlich zu loesen.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nMit dem Eintritt des Winters kuehlen sich der Boden und das darin vor-[;]\r\nhandene Wasser stark ab. Kaltes Wass kann aber von den Wurzeln gar nicht oder[;]\r\nnur in sehr geringen Mengen aufgenommen werden. Wuerden die Laubbaeume im Herbste[;]\r\nihre Blaetter behalten, so wuerden diese mehr Wasser verdunsten, als durch die[;]\r\nWurzeln ersetzt werden koennte. Die Folge waere ein Absterben der Baeume.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nDer herbstliche Laubfall ist aber fuer unsere Pflanzen nich aus einem[;]\r\nanderen Grunde notwendig. In niederschlagsreichen Wintern wueder sich auf den[;]\r\nBlaettern so viel Schnee ablagern, dass die Baeume under der Last dieser Schnee-[;]\r\nmassen zusammenbrechen muessten. Wenn hin und wieder Schnee faellt, bevor der[;]\r\nLaubfall vorueber ist, werden armadicke  Aeste von Obstbaeumen wie Stohhalme ge-[;]\r\nbrochen, maechtige Kronen von Buchen und Ahornen zerrissen oder es fallen ganze[;]\r\nBaeume unter der Schneelast.[;]\r\n[;]\r\nDas Abwerfen der Blaetter bedetet kein Sterben, sondern eine Anpas-[;]\r\nsung der Baeume and ie kalte und fuer sie trockene Winterszeit.[;]\r\n"}}]